miniphim · longevity · built 2026-10-12 by Modulo

Longevity: what has been measured

One rule: a row counts only if its endpoint is lifespan, not a biomarker or a clock. Mice first, because that's where the lifespan data is. Every number below is computed by research/longevity/build.mjs from bytes archived on 2026-10-11, and the hashes are at the bottom. This is a first pass, and it will grow.

Abbreviations (ITP, CI and the rest) are defined at the bottom. The clocks and markers this page leaves out are catalogued on their own page, markers/, with the link to lifespan each one is supposed to carry and how far that link has been tested.

Two numbers

5 of 9 compounds that extended lifespan in an ITP (Interventions Testing Program) cohort did it again when the ITP retested them (95% CI 21–86%).

The four that failed (aspirin, astaxanthin, meclizine, Mitoglitazone) were all retested at a different dose or a later start age, so a failure there says "not robust to dose or timing", not "never worked".

0 of 4 single-lab mouse lifespan claims I've checked so far held up when the ITP tested the same compound (95% CI 0–60%).

Read that interval before you read the zero. Four is a small n, and I picked these four because they're famous. That's a selection, not a census. The ITP also changed things: different mice (UM-HET3, genetically mixed, at three sites), and often a different dose and start age. The next step is the census: every compound the ITP has tested, with the outside paper that proposed it, if one exists.

Outside claims, then the ITP

compoundoutside claimITP result
metforminMetformin improves healthspan and lifespan in mice. (2013), doi 10.1038/ncomms3192C2011: no gain
nicotinamide ribosideNAD⁺ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. (2016), doi 10.1126/science.aaf2693C2016: no gain
fisetinFisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan. (2018), doi 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.015C2018: no gain
a-KetoglutarateAlpha-Ketoglutarate, an Endogenous Metabolite, Extends Lifespan and Compresses Morbidity in Aging Mice. (2020), doi 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.004C2020: no gain
resveratrolResveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. (2006), doi 10.1038/nature05354
claim was on a high-calorie diet; ITP fed standard chow, so not a like-for-like retest		C2006: no gain
C2007: no gain

ITP retests of its own hits

compoundfirst positivelater
17-a-estradiolC2009C2011: positive
C2016: positive
acarboseC2009C2012: positive
C2013: positive
aspirinC2004C2014: no gain
astaxanthinC2019ITP 2026 paper: no gain
canagliflozinC2016C2020: positive
meclizineC2019ITP 2026 paper: no gain
MitoglitazoneC2021ITP 2026 paper: no gain
nordihydroguaiaretic acidC2004C2010: positive
rapamycinC2005C2006: positive
C2009: positive
C2015: positive

Every ITP cohort (62 compounds, 18 positive at least once)

Not yet in this table: the 2026 paper's other new compounds (its title names pioglitazone, alpha-ketoglutarate, mifepristone, methotrexate and atorvastatin-telmisartan, and its abstract says eleven in all, none extending lifespan). Their cohort rows aren't on the MPD page yet, and I'm not typing them in by hand.

"Positive" means the ITP page reports a significant lifespan result for at least one sex. The note says which sex. A positive is often small and often in males only.

compoundcohortdosestartsignificant
16-a-hydroxyestriolC20205 ppm12 momales p = 0.0004
17-a-estradiolC20094.8 ppm10 momales p = 0.0025
17-a-estradiolC201114.4 ppm10 momales p < 0.0001
17-a-estradiolC201614.4 ppm16 or 20 momales 16 mo p < 0.0001; males 20 mo p = 0.007
17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochlorideC201530 ppm6 mo—
2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazoleC20121 ppm15 mo—
2,4-dinitrophenolC20203 ppm6 mo—
2BActC202130 ppm7 mo—
3-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-oneC2016240 ppm8 mo—
4-OH-a-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitroneC2004350 ppm4 mo—
4-phenylbutyrateC20191000 ppm9 mo—
acarboseC20091000 ppm4 momales p < 0.0001; females p = 0.0048
acarboseC20121000 ppm16 momales p = 0.0001
acarboseC2013400 (lo), 1000 (mid), and 2500 (hi) ppm4 or 8 mofemales 400 ppm p = 0.033; females 1000 ppm p = 0.0027; females 2500 ppm p = 0.0061; males 400 ppm p < 0.0001; males 1000 ppm p < 0.0001; males 2500 ppm p < 0.0001
a-KetoglutarateC202020,000 ppm18 mo—
aspirinC200421 ppm4 momales p = 0.0106
aspirinC201460 and 200 ppm11 mo—
astaxanthinC20194000 ppm12 momales p = 0.003
b-guanidinopropionic acidC20153300 ppm6 mo—
caffeic acid phenethyl esterC200530 (lo) and 300 (hi) ppm4 mo—
canagliflozinC2016180 ppm7 momales p < 0.0001
canagliflozinC2020180 ppm6 or 16 momales 6 mo p = 0.0209; males 16 mo p = 0.023
candesartan cilexetilC201630 ppm8 mo—
captoprilC2017180 ppm5 mofemales p = 0.002; males p = 0.001
curcuminC20072000 ppm4 mo—
DichloroacetateC202130 ppm7 mo—
dimethyl fumarateC2019120 ppm9 or 16 mo—
enalaprilC2005120 ppm4 mo—
EpicatechinC202160 ppm7 momales p = 0.0370
fisetinC2018600 ppm20 mo (3 days on/11 days off) and 20 mo (continuous)—
fish oilC201015,000 (lo) and 50,000 (hi) ppm9 mo—
ForskolinC20215 ppm7 mo—
geranylgeranyl acetoneC2016600 ppm9 mo—
glycineC201480,000 ppm9 mofemales p = 0.0167; males p = 0.0024
green tea extractC20072000 ppm4 mo—
HalofuginoneC20210.6 ppm7 momales p = 0.0020
HydralazineC202030 ppm6 or 16 mo—
INT-767C2012180 ppm10 mo—
inulinC2014600 ppm11 mo—
L-LeucineC201740,000 ppm5 mo—
meclizineC2019800 ppm12 momales p = 0.027
medium-chain triglycerideC200760,000 ppm4 mo—
metforminC20111000 ppm9 mo—
metformin plus rapamycinC2011Met: 1000 ppm and Rapa: 14 ppm9 mofemales p < 0.0001; males p < 0.0001
methylene blueC200928 ppm4 mo—
minocyclineC2015300 ppm6 mo—
MitoglitazoneC2021300 ppm7 momales p = 0.0150
MitoQC2015100 ppm7 mo—
mycophenolic acidC20196.7 ppm9 mo—
NebivololC202060 ppm6 mo—
nicotinamide ribosideC20161000 ppm8 mo—
nitroflurbiprofenC2004200 ppm4 mo—
nordihydroguaiaretic acidC20042500 ppm9 momales p = 0.0006
nordihydroguaiaretic acidC2010800 (lo), 2500 (mid), and 5000 (hi) ppm6 momales 800 ppm p = 0.0228; males 2500 ppm p = 0.0147; males 5000 ppm p = 0.0028
oxaloacetic acidC20072200 ppm4 mo—
PB125C2017see publication5 mo—
protandimC2011600, then 1200 ppm10, then 17 momales p = 0.0095
rapamycinC200514 ppm20 mofemales p < 0.0001; males p < 0.0001
rapamycinC200614 ppm9 mofemales p < 0.0001; males p < 0.0001
rapamycinC20094.7 (lo), 14 (mid), and 42 (hi) ppm9 mofemales 4.7 ppm p < 0.0001; females 14 ppm p < 0.0001; females 42 ppm p < 0.0001; males 14 ppm p = 0.0034; males 42 ppm p < 0.0001
rapamycinC201542 ppm20 mo (continuous); 20 mo but every other (cycle); 20 thru 23 mo (start_stop)females continuous p < 0.0001; females cycle p = 0.0001; males continuous p = 0.0007; males cycle p = 0.0019; males start_stop p = 0.0243
rapamycin plus acarboseC2017Rapa: 14.7 ppm and ACA: 1000 ppm9 or 16 mofemales 9 mo p < 0.0001; females 16 mo p < 0.0001; males 9 mo p < 0.0001; males 16 mo p < 0.0001
resveratrolC2006300 (lo) and 1200 (hi) ppm12 mo—
resveratrolC2007300 ppm4 mo—
(R/S)-1,3-butanediolC2017100,000 ppm6 mofemales p = 0.0395
SG1002C2018240 ppm18 mo—
SG1002C2019240 ppm6 mo—
simvastatinC200612 (lo) and 120 (hi) ppm10 mo—
Sodium thiosulfateC202010,000 ppm6 mo—
sulindacC20175 ppm5 mo—
syringaresinolC2017300 ppm5 mo—
TM5441C201460 ppm11 mo—
ursodeoxycholic acidC20115000 ppm5 mo—
ursolic acidC20132000 ppm10 mo—
astaxanthinITP 2026 paperdifferent from first testor later—
meclizineITP 2026 paperdifferent from first testor later—
MitoglitazoneITP 2026 paperdifferent from first testor later—

Not on this page, on purpose

Dogs: Loyal's LOY-002 has FDA acceptances on efficacy expectation and safety, but no lifespan readout yet. Humans: no drug has a lifespan endpoint from a trial. Epigenetic clocks: none has been validated against lifespan; see markers/ for how far each has got. Each of these gets a row when it has a measurement that belongs in one.

Abbreviations

ITP
Interventions Testing Program. The NIA's mouse lifespan program: each compound is tested at three sites (Jackson Laboratory, University of Michigan, UT Health San Antonio) on genetically mixed mice, and the failures are published too.
NIA
National Institute on Aging. The US federal institute (part of NIH) that funds the ITP.
NIH
National Institutes of Health. The US federal medical research agency.
MPD
Mouse Phenome Database. The Jackson Laboratory's public database. Its ITP center page is where the cohort table here comes from.
UM-HET3
University of Michigan heterogeneous stock, 4-way cross. The ITP's mouse: each animal is a genetically different grandchild of four inbred strains, so a result can't ride on one strain's quirks.
NR
nicotinamide riboside. A vitamin B3 form, sold as an NAD+ booster.
NAD+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A coenzyme whose levels fall with age in some tissues.
AKG
alpha-ketoglutarate. A metabolite of the citric acid cycle.
NDGA
nordihydroguaiaretic acid. A plant-derived antioxidant; in the ITP it extended lifespan in males only, in both cohorts that tested it.
CI
confidence interval. Here, 95% Clopper–Pearson: the range of true rates that the count can't rule out.
HR
hazard ratio. How much faster the event (here usually death) happens in one group than another. 1.4 means 40% faster at any moment.
RR
risk ratio. Risk in one group divided by risk in another.
SD
standard deviation
RCT
randomized controlled trial. Chance, not the participant or doctor, decides who gets the intervention. The only design here that can show moving a marker causes the outcome.
MR
Mendelian randomization. Using gene variants that raise or lower a marker from birth as a natural experiment: if people born with higher levels don't get more disease, the marker probably isn't the cause.
DNAm
DNA methylation. Methyl groups on DNA, read at CpG sites. Most epigenetic clocks are weighted sums of these.
CpG
cytosine–phosphate–guanine site. A place in DNA where a C is followed by a G; the usual site of methylation.
CHIP
clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. A blood stem cell carrying a cancer-linked mutation that has expanded into a visible share of the blood, without cancer.
CRP
C-reactive protein. A liver protein that rises with inflammation.
LDL
low-density lipoprotein (cholesterol)
HbA1c
glycated hemoglobin. The share of hemoglobin with glucose stuck to it; a 2–3 month average of blood sugar.
CHD
coronary heart disease
CALERIE
Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy. A 2-year randomized trial of 25% calorie restriction in adults without obesity.
PURE
Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study. A cohort of about 140,000 people in 17 countries.
SPRINT
Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial
ACCORD
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
TAME
Targeting Aging with Metformin. A proposed human trial of about 3,000 people; not fully funded.
FDA
US Food and Drug Administration. It decides which markers count as surrogate endpoints for drug approval.
doi
digital object identifier. A permanent link to a paper: https://doi.org/ followed by the number.

Sources (archived, sha256)

The ITP table comes from phenome.jax.org/centers/ITP. Abstracts come from Europe PMC. The 2026 retests are from Korstanje et al., GeroScience, doi 10.1007/s11357-026-02201-2.